7 10 135 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/9b166153a6edf1c321618594423c0014.tif 60a5639d462cdaf0bd707945ab915504 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 51 Description An account of the resource to go to other Indians further ahead. But since the Indians holding him found this out, they went after them, beat them severely, stripped the Asturian and put an arrow through his arm. Nonetheless, the Christians managed to escape, and remained with the other Indians consenting to be their slaves, although while they were serving them they were treated worse than any slave or man has ever been. There were six of them, and not content with slapping them many times and pulling out their beards as a pastime, the Indians killed three of them for going from one lodge to another. These were Diego Dorantes and Valdivieso and Diego de Huelva. The remaining three men expected the same fate. Rather than endure this kind of life, Andrés Dorantes fled and went over to the Mariames, who were the people with whom Esquivel ended up. They told him how they had held Esquivel, and how he wanted to flee from them because a woman dreamed that he was going to kill one of her children. The Indians went after him and killed him, showing Andrés Dorantes his sword, his beads, his book and other things he had. They do this because of a custom they have, namely to kill their sons because of dreams. When their daughters are born they cast them to the dogs, which eat them. The reason for doing this, according to them, is that all the people of that land are their enemies with whom they are constantly at war, and if their enemies were to marry their daughters, they would multiply so much that they would conquer them and take them as slaves. For this reason they preferred to kill their daughters rather than have them bear offspring who would be their enemies. We asked them why they did not marry their daughters to their own men and they replied that they considered it an unseemly thing to marry them to their relatives and that it was better to kill them than to give them to their relatives or their enemies. This custom is observed only by these people and their neighbors, the Yguazes, and by no other people in that land. When they want to get married, IIIF Item Metadata UUID 3b1109ed-bd90-4ec6-bd44-edc99f2c9094 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/de69cd205830167cfcd7e3987818c549.tif 2ab02639be352b05603519610d3381b3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 50 Description An account of the resource to the other side of the coast." And the Christians, seeing what the weather was like, since it was Novernber, stayed in these woods where they found water and firewood and some crabs and shellfish, and where little by little they began to die of cold and hunger. Moreover, Pantoja, who was now in charge, treated them badly. Sotomayor, brother of Vasco Porcallo from the island of Cuba, who had sailed with the fleet as a Senior Officer of the Militia, and unable to bear it any longer, had a fight with Pantoja and dealt him a heavy blow that killed him on the spot. And so there were fewer and fewer of them. As the men died, the survivors cut and dried their flesh. The last one to die was Sotomayor, and Esquivelel cut and dried his flesh, surviving by eating it until the first of March, when an Indian who had fled there came to see if they had died and took Esquivel away with him. While Esquivel was held by this Indian, Figueroa talked to him and found out everything we have just related. Figueroa urged Esquivel to go with him so that they could both leave in the direction of Panuco. Esquivel refused, saying that he knew from the friars that they had already passed Panuco. So he remained there and Figueroa went to the coast, where he stayed. CHAPTER EIGHTEEN How He Told Esquivel's Story Figueroa gave us this account based on what Esquivel had related to him, and so it went from mouth to mouth until it reached me. From it the fate of the entire fleet will be seen and learned, and what occurred to each of the men in particular. He further added that if Christians were to go through that area for some time, they might see Esquivel, since he knew that Esquivel had fled from the Indian with whom he was to another group called the Mariames who lived near there. And as I have just said, Esquivel and the Asturian wanted IIIF Item Metadata UUID 380f1441-381e-44ed-9f19-5ea3d20ce90b https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/adab50800f033fec47141a7ae9debbac.tif 929df3a3afbdc0001383f721e4a43c01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 49 Description An account of the resource Misfortune. Figueroa told them how he and his companions had gotten as far as that place, where two of the Christians and one Indian had died, all three of cold and starvation, since they had arrived and remained during the worst weather imaginable. He said that some Indians had captured him and Méndez. While they were with these Indians, Méndez had fled, going as best he could in the direction of Panuco, but the Indians pursued him and killed him. While Figueroa was with these Indians, he learned from them that there was among the Mariames a Christian who had come from the other side. Figueroa had found him with the Quevenes; he was a Christian named Hernando de Esquivel, a native of Badajoz, who had come with the Commissary. Figueroa said that he learned from Esquivel what had happened to the Governor and the Purser and the others. Esquivel told him that the Purser and the friars had run their boat aground between the rivers. While the Governor's boat was proceeding along the coast, he and his men landed, and the Governor continued on with his boat until he arrived at that large inlet. From there he turned back to board the men and take them to the other side, and he returned for the Purser and the friars and all the others. He said that, once they disembarked, the Governor revoked the Purser's commission to be his lieutenant, and reassigned it to a captain named Pantoja who had come with him. Figueroa also said that the Governor stayed in his boat that night and did not want to go ashore. A sailing master and a sick page stayed with him, but there was no food or water on the boat. At midnight the north wind blew so strongly that it carried the boat out to sea, since it had only a stone anchor, without anyone seeing it. That was the last they heard of him. When they saw what had happened, those who were on land went along the coast. Hindered by a large body of water, they built rafts with great difficulty and crossed to the other side on them. Moving on, they arrived at the edge of a wood on the shore. There they found Indians who, when they saw them coming, put their lodges in their canoes and crossed IIIF Item Metadata UUID ea75dbbb-d87b-4d61-8c5c-0d3abb5de188 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/cfc6836dc7c52246ee16995f565701a6.tif 59291c93fe0df2c73f45af07f0ec6375 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 48 Description An account of the resource that we found if they decided that they wanted to flee. They warned me not to let the Indians know in any way that I wanted to press on because then they would kill me. They told me I should spend six months with them, after which those Indians would go to another land to eat prickly pears. These are fruits the size of an egg, red and black in color and with a very good flavor. They eat them three months of the year, when they eat nothing else. While they are gathering them, other Indians from further away come to them with bows to deal and trade with them, and we could flee from our Indians and go away with the other Indians when they left. After agreeing on this, I remained there and they gave me as a slave to an Indian with whom Dorantes stayed and who was blind in one eye. His wife and a son that he had and another who was with him had the same condition, such that they were all one- eyed. These are called the Mariames, and Castillo was with a neighboring group called the Yguazes. While we were there they told me that, while they were on the Isle of Misfortune, they found grounded on the seacoast the boat that had carried the Purser and the friars. While they were crossing those four very large rivers with strong currents, their boats were swept out to sea, where four of their men drowned. They went on that way until they crossed the inlet. They crossed it with great difficulty, and fifteen leagues further on they came to another." By the time they got there two of their comrades had died in the sixty leagues they had traveled, and the rest of them were near death, since they had eaten only crabs and kelp the entire way. When they arrived at this last inlet, they said they found Indians eating blackberries there. When the Indians saw the Christians, they went to the other end. While they were trying to find a way to cross the inlet, an Indian and a Christian passed by. When he neared them, they recognized that it was Figueroa, one of the four that we had sent ahead from the Isle of IIIF Item Metadata UUID e53257ac-58f5-4fa3-b90d-dfb185bfb7c4 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/a47a0aa82c9aa81be645769168f179e6.tif eefa18e383e9a74254ef1b06a435d9a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 47 Description An account of the resource Two days after Lope de Oviedo left, the Indians holding Alonso del Castillo and Andrés Dorantes came to the aforementioned place, to eat those nuts, upon which they subsist solely for two months of the year, ground with small grains. And they do not have this every year because they only come here every other year. The nuts are the size of Galician walnuts and grow on very large trees, of which there are many.' An Indian informed me that the Christians had arrived, telling me that if I wanted to see them I should hide and flee to the edge of a forest towards which he pointed, because he and some relatives of his were going to see those Indians and would take me with them to where the Christians were. I decided to trust them and follow the suggestion, because they spoke a language different from that of my Indians. The next day we carried out the plan and they found me in the place we had agreed upon and took me with them. When I arrived near the place where they lived, Andrés Dorantes came out to see who it was, since the Indians had told him that a Christian was coming. When he saw me he was terrified because they thought I had died many days before, and the Indians had told them so. We thanked God very much for being together, and that day was one of the happiest of our lives. When we got to where Castillo was, they asked me where I was going. I told him that my plan was to go to a land of Christians and that I wanted to undertake that search and course. Andrés Dorantes replied that he had been urging Castillo and Estebanico to press onward, but that they did not dare because they did not know how to swim and greatly feared the rivers and inlets they would have to cross, for there are many in that land. Since God our Lord had seen fit to spare me through all my hardships and illnesses and bring me at last to be with them, I agreed to carry them across any rivers or bays IIIF Item Metadata UUID 40227b8b-0b3c-455c-9a63-9e6c976d39a6 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/a5f932d61deec47c92850a9e3411df41.tif 0e0c3008fe55170f750e5e3f4c6aab58 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 46 Description An account of the resource they replied that all had died of cold and starvation and that the Indians up ahead had killed Diego Dorantes, Valdivieso and Diego de Huelva for sport when the men went from one lodge to another. They also said that other Indians, their neighbors, had killed Esquivel and Méndez" because of a dream they had, and that Captain Dorantes was now with them. We inquired about thecondition of the surviving men. They told us that they were mistreated very much, because boys and other Indians among them, that are very lazy and mean, kicked and slapped them, and beat them with sticks. Such was the kind of life they led among them. We inquired about the land ahead and what was in it to sustain us. They replied that it was very sparsely populated, with no food, and a place where people died of exposure to the cold, since they had no hides or other coverings. They also told us that if we wanted to see those three Christians, the Indians that held them were coming in two days to eat nuts a league from there on the bank of that river. And so that we should know that they had told us the truth about the mistreatment of the others, they slapped and beat my companion and gave me my share too. They also threw many lumps of dirt at us. Every day they would hold arrows to our hearts, saying they wanted to kill us as our other companions had been killed. Fearing this, Lope de Oviedo, my companion, said that he wanted to return with some of the women of the Indians with whom we had crossed the inlet and whom we had left behind. I argued with him not to do it and pleaded with him to no end, for I was unable to stop him. So he tumed back and I stayed by myself with those Indians called the Quevenes. The ones with whom he went are called the Deaguanes. CHAPTER SEVENTEEN How the Indians Came and Brought Andrés Dorantes and Castillo and Estebanico IIIF Item Metadata UUID c60a55aa-bc25-453f-addc-a3a14b8cce40 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/7a7756117a2151429c07585b1051df81.tif 1165d396b0f0be32aa055630b3617f2c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 45 Description An account of the resource make arrows, and some tassels made from deer hair, which they dye red. I liked this trade, because it gave me the freedom to go wherever I wanted. I was obligated to nothing and was not a slave. Wherever I went they treated me well and fed me because I was a trader. Most of all I liked it because it gave me the opportunity to search for an escape route. I was well known among them and they rejoiced when they saw me bringing them things that they needed. Those who did not know me desired and strived to see me because of my reputation. The hardships I endured would make a long story, filled with perils and hunger as well as storms and cold that I endured alone in the wilderness and which I survived through the great mercy of God our Lord. For this reason, I did not carry out my business in winter;" even they stay in their huts on their land, unable to do anything for themselves. I spent almost six years in that land among them, alone and as naked as they. The reason I stayed there so long was that I wanted to take with me a Christian named Lope de Oviedo, who was on the island. His companion, Alániz, who had remained with him when Alonso del Castillo and Andrés Dorantes left with all the others, later died. To get him out of there, I would cross over to the island every year and plead with him for us to leave as best we could in search of Christians. Every year he held me back, saying that we would leave the following year. Finally I got him out of there, taking him across the inlet and four rivers along the coast, since he did not know how to swim. In this way we went ahead with some Indians until we reached an inlet one league wide and deep throughout. As far as we could tell, it was the one called Espíritu Santo. On the other side we saw some Indians who came to see our Indians and told us that farther ahead there were three men like us and gave us their names. When we asked them about the other men, IIIF Item Metadata UUID 7996e90e-486c-4324-88d8-3f14223e44cc https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/72a16f3e77691660c94bc407649fb7d6.tif a2f9089b3f1b6d2a2fb903fd18a8ea1b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 44 Description An account of the resource the mainland, they found another of our men named Francisco de León, and all thirteen went along the coast. Once they had been brought across, the Indians who held me told me about it, and how Jerónimo de Alániz and Lope de Oviedo remained on the island. My illness prevented me from seeing them or following them. I had to stay with these same Indians from the island for over a year. Because they worked me so hard and treated me so poorly, I decided to flee from them and go to those that live in the forests and mainland, a people called the Charruco. I could not bear the kind of life I had with them. Among many other afflictions, in order to eat I had to pull the roots from the ground under the water among the canes where they grew. My fingers were so worn by this that a light brush with a piece of straw would cause them to bleed. And the canes cut me in many places because many of them were broken and I had to go among them with the clothing that I have said I was wearing. For this reason I went over to the other Indians and fared a bit better with them. I became a trader and tried to ply my trade the best I could. Because of this they fed me and treated me well, asking me to go from one place to another for things they needed, since people do not travel or trade much in that land because of the continuous warfare that goes on. With my trading and wares I went as far inland as I wanted and I would travel the coast for a distance of forty or fifty leagues. The main items of my trade were pieces of sea snails and their insides, and seashells which they use to cut a certain fruit that looks like a bean, used by them for medicinal purposes and for dances and festivals (and this is the thing they value most), sea beads and other things. These are what I carried inland, and in exchange and barter I received hides and red ochre, which they rub on their faces and hair to dye them, flints for arrowheads, paste and stiff canes to IIIF Item Metadata UUID 0ec324de-3ee9-46a1-8cf7-3d30c4890da7 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/01540733ab07b2f7cbd62d16b981f8e0.tif d5d5a07912c046751d3f3064b483851b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 43 Description An account of the resource grows on the trees. Young women cover themselves with deerskins. These people share all that they have with one another. There is no chief among them, and all the people of one lineage live together. Two language groups live there: one group is called the Capoques and the other the Han. They have the following custom: when they know each other and see each other from time to time, before speaking they cry for half an hour. When this is finished, the one who is visited rises first and gives the other everything he owns. The other one accepts and in a short while leaves with it. Sometimes they leave without saying a word after accepting the gifts. They have other strange customs, but I have described only the principal and most noteworthy ones so that I can go on and tell more of what happened to us. CHAPTER SIXTEEN How the Christians Left the Isle of Misfortune After Dorantes and Castillo retumed to the island they gathered together all the Christians who were scattered about and discovered that there was a total of fourteen. As I said, I was on the other side, on the mainland, where my Indians had taken me. There I had gotten so sick that nothing could have given me hope of surviving my illness. When the Christians learned of this, they gave an Indian the sable mantle that we had taken from the chief, as we noted above, to take them to where I was so that they could see me. Twelve of them came, because two of them were so weak that they did not dare bring them along. The names of the twelve that came are Alonso del Castillo, Andrés Dorantes and Diego Dorantes, Valdivieso, Estrada, Tostado, Chávez, Gutiérrez, Asturiano (a clergyman), Diego de Huelva, Estebanico the black man, and Benítez. Once they reached IIIF Item Metadata UUID fd38c910-1ed5-43a3-82b3-0711d4e677cd https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/49178cf7816d30d7d5346953f686544e.tif 38ed9401673f1ad6756f96aaabde29b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 42 Description An account of the resource And since, he said, we were powerful men, we were certain to have greater powers and properties. In brief, we were in such need that we had to do it, putting aside our fear that anyone would be punished for it. Their manner of healing is as follows: when they are sick, they call a medicine man, and after they are cured they give him not only all their possessions, but also seek things from their relatives to give him. What the medicine man does is to make a cut where the pain is and suck around it. They cauterize with fire, a practice they consider very beneficial. I tried it and found that it gave good results. Afterwards they blow on the painful area, believing that their illness goes away in this manner. We did our healing by making the sign of the cross on the sick persons, breathing on them, saying the Lord's Prayer and a Hail Mary over them, and asking God our Lord, as best we could, to heal them and inspire them to treat us well. God our Lord in his mercy deigned to heal all those for whom we prayed. Once we made the sign of the cross on them, they told the others that they were well and healthy. For this reason they treated us well, and refrained from eating to give us food. They also gave us hides and other small things. Everyone's hunger was so great there were times that I went three days without eating anything, and they did too. It seemed impossible for me to survive, although I found myself in greater want and hunger afterwards, as I shall relate later on. The Indians that were keeping Alonso del Castillo aiid Andrés Dorantes and the other survivors were of another language and lineage. They went to another part of the mainland to eat oysters and stayed there until the first day of April. Then they returned to the island which was up to two leagues away across the widest part of the water. The island is half a league wide and five leagues long. All the people of this land go about naked. Only the women cover part of their bodies with a kind of wool that IIIF Item Metadata UUID dd11d05b-8682-4044-b816-046f8ff33b7e