13 10 135 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/c2ecd7c8c59498968b8c4f4006fa6618.tif 5cd72c904a019badbed73c5cd3b07b4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 97 Description An account of the resource while the sole purpose of the others was to steal everything they found, never giving anything to anybody. In this manner they talked about us, praising everything about us and saying the contrary about the others. They replied this way to the Christians' interpreter and told the others through an interpreter they had among themselves, whom we understood. We properly call the people who speak that language the Primahaitu, which is like saying the Basques. We found that this language was used among them and no other was used in the 400-league stretch that we traveled. The Indians could not be persuaded to believe that we were the same as the other Christians. We had great difficulty and had to insist in order to persuade the Indians to return to their homes. We ordered them to make themselves secure and settle their villages and plant and till the soil, which was already overgrown because it had been abandoned. This land is without a doubt the best in all the Indies, the most fertile and abundant in food. They plant crops three times a year. They have many fruits and beautiful rivers and many other very good bodies of water. There is great evidence and signs of gold and silver deposits. The people are very congenial: they serve Christians-the ones who are friendly-quite willingly. They are well built, much more so than the Indians of Mexico. This truly is a land that lacks nothing to be very good. When the Indians departed they told us that they would do what we said and would settle their villages if the Christians would allow them. I want to make it quite clear and certain that if they should not do so, the Christians will be to blame. After we sent the Indians away in peace, thanking them for the trouble they had taken with us, the Christians sent us under guard to a certain Justice named Cebreros and two other men with him, who took us through wilderness and uninhabited areas to keep us from talking to Indians and so that we could not see or understand what they really did to the Indians. From this, one can see how easily the ideas of men are thwarted, for we wanted freedom for the Indians, IIIF Item Metadata UUID 77fa9e7f-c74f-4f29-a2f6-324bc4dcb54c https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/03f0c79a9d8ca7a954645d864f48af42.tif 491b9525e26cd8f9ec5716935f62c6fa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 98 Description An account of the resource and when we thought we had secured it, quite the opposite happened, since the Christians had planned to attack the Indians whom we had reassured and sent in peace. They carried out their plan. They took us through the wilderness for two days without water, lost and without a trail. We thought we would all die of thirst and, in fact, seven men did. Many of the Indian allies accompanying the Christians could not reach the place where we found water that night until the following day at noon. We traveled with them for twenty-five leagues, more or less, and arrived at a pacified Indian village. The Justice who was taking us left us there and went ahead three leagues to a town called Culiacán, where Melchor Díaz, the Mayor and Captain of that province, lived. CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE How the Mayor Received Us Well the Night We Arrived When the Mayor was informed of our departure and arrival, he set out that night and came to where we were. He wept a great deal with us, giving praise to God our Lord for having shown us such great mercy. He conversed with us and treated us very well, and on his own behalf and that of Governor Nuño de Guzmán he offered us everything he had or could do and regretted the poor reception and treatment Alcaraz and the others had given us. We were certain that, if he had been there, he would have prevented what was done to us and to the Indians. We spent the night there and departed the following day. The Mayor entreated us to remain there, saying that we would render great service to God and to Your Majesty by doing so, since the land was abandoned IIIF Item Metadata UUID 154eafbb-7188-46b3-b71e-0f72488b9f4a https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/bc65e890575baad7d73d41d021c7c926.tif 9f39c35e99fb3cdae56d94227242b072 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 99 Description An account of the resource and wasted and the Indians were hiding and in flight through the woods, not wanting to settle in their villages. He wanted us to call them and order them in Your Majesty's name to return and settle the plain and cultivate the soil. We thought this would be very difficult to carry out because we had not brought any of our Indians with us nor any of those who usually accompanied us and understood these matters. At last we sent for this purpose two of the Indians they had brought as captives, who were of the same people as the Indians of that land. These two were with the Christians when we first reached them, and they saw the people that accompanied us and learned from them the great authority and dominion we had throughout all those lands, the wonders we had worked, the sick people we had healed, as well as many other things. We sent other Indians from the village with these and told them to go together to call the Indians who were up in the mountains and the people from the Petaán River, where we had found the Christians. We told them to tell the Indians to come to us because we wanted to speak to them. To insure that they would be safe and the others would come, we gave them one of the large gourds that we carried in our hands, our chief insignia and a sign of our high status. They left with it and traveled for seven days. At the end of this period, they returned, bringing three chiefs of the people who were up in the mountains. Each chief had fifteen men with him. They also brought us beads, turquoises and plumes. The messengers told us that they had not found the natives of the river where we had met the Christians, because the Christians had once again caused them to flee into the mountains. Melchor Díaz told the interpreter to speak to those Indians on our behalf, telling them that we came on behalf of God, who is in heaven, and that we had gone through the world for many years telling all the people we met to believe in God and serve him, because he was the lord of everything in the world and would IIIF Item Metadata UUID 72008f48-8129-4740-8afd-4c2ba3eb8cd3 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/ca2cbc2389d7528650eb0a26396649bb.tif 0f5b898b0f31cfac6775d6bef96e5cc1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 100 Description An account of the resource repay and reward good people and condemn bad people to eternal punishment with fire. We told them to say that when good people died, God took them to heaven, where no one ever died or was hungry or cold or thirsty or in need of anything, but instead experienced the greatest bliss imaginable; and that in the case of those people who refused to believe him or obey his commandments, God would cast them under the earth in the company of demons, into a great fire that would never end and would torment them forever; and that, besides this, if they wanted to be Christians and serve God the way we told them to, the Christians would consider them brothers and treat them very well. And we would tell the Christians not to harm them nor remove them from their lands, but instead to be their good friends. But if the Indians refused to do this, the Christians would treat them very badly and take them to other lands as slaves. The Indians replied to the interpreter that they would be very good Christians and they would serve God. When they were asked what they worshipped and sacrificed and whom they petitioned for water for their cornfields and health for themselves, they replied that it was a man who was in heaven. We asked them his name and they told us he was named Aguar, and that they believed that he had created the whole world and everything in it. We asked them how they knew this and they said their fathers and grandfathers had told them so, for they had known about this for a long time, and they knew that water and all good things were sent by him. We told them that we called the man they were describing God, and that they should also call him God and serve him and worship him as we had told them to do, and that things would turn out very well for them. They replied that they understood everything very well and would do so. We ordered them to come down from the mountains in peace and feel safe to populate the land and build their houses. Among their houses we told them to build one for God and to place at the entrance a cross like the one we had, and to greet arriving Christians with crosses in their hands and not with bows and arrows, and to take them to their houses IIIF Item Metadata UUID 4a5c74d8-c47a-48e3-a278-968b22204d41 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/5b6aef2943ab0c126d13246148373d88.tif 267e0fa31f53fd95f1ac01f30bedb7f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 101 Description An account of the resource and feed them what they had. This way the Christians would not harm them; instead, they would be their friends. They said they would do what we told them to do. The Captain gave them blankets and treated them very well. So they returned, taking with them the two who were captives and had gone as messengers. This happened in the presence of a notary who was there, along with many other witnesses. CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX How We Had Them Build Churches in That Land After the Indians returned, all the people of that province who were friends of the Christians came to see us when they heard news of us, and brought us beads and feathers. We told them to build churches and place crosses on them, which they had not yet done. We had them bring the children of the principal chiefs and baptized them. Then the Captain vowed to God that he would not raid nor allow anyone to raid or to take slaves in the land or from the people to whom we had guaranteed safety, and that he would keep and carry this out until Your Majesty and Governor Nuño de Guzmán or the Viceroy in your name decreed what would be of greatest service to God and Your Majesty. After the children were baptized, we departed for the municipality of San Miguel, where, upon our arrival, Indians came to tell us that many people were coming down from the mountains, settling in the plain, building churches and crosses and doing everything we had told them to do. Every day we had news on how this was increasingly being done. After we had been there two weeks, Alcaraz returned with the Christians who had been on that raid. They told the Captain how the Indians had come down from the mountains and had settled in the plain, and how they had found that formerly empty and deserted villages now had many people in them. They said IIIF Item Metadata UUID c5b4d838-870b-4559-b492-1a1ec2154b68 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/de03fc07bc2f16678562e2928ac3bfdb.tif e1e665c528afc79fb845f586ee001d8d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relacion IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 48a188da-f99f-4436-b5cd-f5df7e4110a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 102 Description An account of the resource that the Indians had come out to greet them with crosses in their hands and had taken them to their houses and given them part of what they had. They slept with the Indians there that night. Stunned by this new manner, and because the Indians told them that their security was guaranteed, Alcaraz ordered that they not be harmed. Then the Christians departed. May it be God our Lord's will, through his infinite mercy, that in Your Majesty's lifetime and under your dominion and lordship, these peoples may come to be truly and quite willingly subject to the true Lord who created and redeemed them. We are certain that this will be so and that Your Majesty will be the one to carry it out. This will not be so difficult to achieve because throughout the two thousand leagues that we traveled overland and by boat on the sea, and during the ten months that we constantly traveled the land after we were out of captivity, we did not find any sacrifices or idolatry. During this time we traveled across from one sea to the other, and as far as we could carefully determine, the land may be about two hundred leagues across at its widest. We understand that on the southern coast there are pearls and much wealth and that the best and richest things are near that coast. We remained in the municipality of San Miguel until May 15th. The reason we stayed such a long time was that the city of Compostela, where Governor Nuño de Guzman resided, was one hundred leagues away, and the entire stretch is desolate and filled with enemies. Some men had to go with us, including twenty horsemen who accompanied us for forty leagues. From that point onward, six Christians who had five hundred enslaved Indians with them, went with us. When we arrived in Compostela, the Governor received us very well. He gave us some of his clothing, which I could not wear for many days, and we were able to sleep only on the floor. Ten or twelve days later we set out for Mexico City. All along the way we were treated well by Christians. Many of them would come out to the roads to see us, and they thanked God for having delivered us from so many perils. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cabeza de Vaca IIIF Item Metadata UUID e336d160-bcc2-4dc6-adcc-aabd0974a4db https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/126691dafd47e2d3120449697fff587f.tif 8ee63cf1c9880a918fe29c09d64dc9ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relacion IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 48a188da-f99f-4436-b5cd-f5df7e4110a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 103 Description An account of the resource We arrived in Mexico City on a Sunday, one day before the eve of St. James' day. There the Viceroy' and the Marqués del Valle treated us very well and welcomed us very graciously. They gave us clothing and offered us everything they had. On St. James' day there were festivities with tournaments and bullfights. CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN What Happened When I Wanted to Leave After we rested in Mexico City for two months, I wanted to return to these kingdoms. As the ship was about to set sail in October, a storm came and grounded the ship, and it was lost. Seeing this, I decided to wait until winter was over, since it is a season of rough weather for sailing. During Lent, when winter had passed, Andrés Dorantes and I left Mexico City for Veracruz to board our ship. We waited there until Palm Sunday, when we boarded. We remained on board more than two weeks waiting for the wind. The ship we were on was taking on a great deal of water. I left it and went to others that were about to sail, but Dorantes remained aboard that ship. On the tenth of April three ships sailed out of the port, and we traveled together for 150 leagues. On the way, two ships were taking on a lot of water. One night we got lost from this convoy because their pilots and sailing masters, as it later seemed, did not dare continue onward with their ships and returned to the port from which they had sailed. We did not notice this or have any more news of them and continued our voyage. On the fourth of May we arrived in the port of Havana, which is on the island of Cuba, where we waited for the two other ships until the second of June, thinking they would come. Then we left there, greatly fearing IIIF Item Metadata UUID 86a056d3-db72-469f-ba77-741905d92e34 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/81d087fd5c6c0d979460a2a7ef3aa525.tif e0b2b3a4fb71ea19ca91a11ab6b08090 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relacion IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 48a188da-f99f-4436-b5cd-f5df7e4110a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 104 Description An account of the resource that we would encounter Frenchmen, who several days earlier had captured three of our ships. When we arrived at the island of Bermuda, a storm overtook us, of the sort that often overtakes all who pass through there, according to those who frequently sail that area. All night long we feared we were lost. It pleased God for the storm to end in the morning, and we continued our voyage. Twenty-nine days after our departure from Havana, we had sailed 1, 100 leagues, the distance given from there to the settlement of the Azores. The following day, passing the island named Corvo, we met a French ship. At noon she began to pursue us, hauling with her a caravel she had captured from the Portuguese, and gave us chase. That afternoon we saw another nine sails, but they were so far away that we were unable to tell if they were Portuguese or if they belonged with those who were pursuing us. At nightfall the French vessel was a cannon-shot away from our ship. After dark we took another course to elude her. Since she was so close to us, they saw us and fired towards us; this happened three or four times. They could have captured us had they wanted to, but they were leaving it for morning. It pleased God that in the morning the French ship and ours were close together and surrounded by the nine sails I said I had seen the previous afternoon. We recognized that they were from the Portuguese navy, and I thanked God for having been able to escape hardships on land and dangers on the sea. Once she realized that it was the Portuguese navy, the French vessel released the caravel she had captured, which had a cargo of blacks. The French ship had taken the Portuguese caravel along so that we would think that they were Portuguese and wait for them. When the French released the Portuguese vessel, they told her sailing master and pilot that we were French and part of their convoy. When they said this they put out sixty oars and fled by oar and by sail so swiftly it was unbelievable. The caravel that she released went to the galleon and told the captain that our ship and the other one were French. When our ship IIIF Item Metadata UUID 1627580f-1124-4c13-b9d0-5c3fb517464e https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/f71e453989951db5e31136b6e24c4798.tif feff6acb775cffc13d52f2eb0a8b88f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relacion IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 48a188da-f99f-4436-b5cd-f5df7e4110a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 105 Description An account of the resource reached the galleon and the whole fleet saw that we were approaching them, they prepared for battle and came upon us, certain that we were French. When they were near, we hailed them. They discovered that we were friendly and realized that they had been deceived by the escaped privateer, who said that we were French and part of their convoy. So they sent four caravels after him. When the galleon approached us after we had saluted them, Captain Diego de Silveira asked us where we were coming from and what cargo we were carrying. We replied that we were coming from New Spain and carried silver and gold. He asked us how much, and the sailing master responded that we were taking about 300,000 castellanos. The captain replied, "By my faith, you're very rich, but you've got a very poor vessel and very poor artillery. That renegade French dog, the son of a bitch, lost a tasty morsel, by God! Now since you've escaped him, follow me and don't separate yourselves from me, because with God's help I'll take you to Castile." Shortly thereafter the caravels that had followed the Frenchman returned, since It seemed to them that he was going too fast. Furthermore, they did not want to leave the fleet, which was escorting three ships loaded with spices. So we arrived at the island of Terceira, where we rested for two weeks, taking on supplies and waiting for another ship that was coming from India with its cargo and was part of the convoy along with the three ships that were being escorted by the fleet. At the end of the two weeks, we left there with the fleet and reached the port of Lisbon on the ninth of August, eve of St. Lawrence's day, in the year 1537. Because what I say above in this account is the truth, I sign it with my name, Cabeza de Vaca. The account from which this was taken was signed with his name and bore his coat of arms. CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT What Happened to the Others Who Went to the Indies IIIF Item Metadata UUID 18541cad-28e2-4e19-972d-ec55dea70173 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/601b73c0583ffd8ec4b2b2e31d21851c.tif 0ba8baf722ec31d66182aa340def56b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relacion IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 48a188da-f99f-4436-b5cd-f5df7e4110a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 106 Description An account of the resource Since I have given an account of everything above concerning the voyage and the entrance into and the departure from the land until my return to these kingdoms, I wish likewise to furnish a record and account of what the people and the ships who remained there did. I have not mentioned this above because we knew nothing about them until we had come out. We found many of them in New Spain and others here in Castile. From these people we learned what happened, how it happened and how things ended. We left the three ships-because the other one had already been lost on the breakers-which remained at great risk, with little food and up to one hundred persons on board, among them ten married women. One of them had told the Governor many things that happened on the voyage before they happened. When he wanted to enter the land, she told him not to, because she believed that none of those who went with him would leave that land. She believed that if anyone should get out, God would perform very great miracles for him, but she believed that few or none would escape. The Govemor then answered her that he and all those who were penetrating the country with him were going to fight and conquer many very strange lands and peoples. He said that he was very sure that in conquering them many would die, but that the survivors would be fortunate and would be very rich, since he had heard that there were many riches in that land. The Govemor went further and asked her to tell him who had told her the things she had said about the past and the future. She replied that in Castile a Moorish woman from Hornachos had told her. She had told us this before we left Castile, and the entire voyage went the way she predicted. After the Governor left Carvallo, a native of Cuenca de Huete, as his lieutenant and captain of all the ships and people that he left there, IIIF Item Metadata UUID 0d9b31da-9e9c-47d6-9765-5b7d592c9273