10 10 135 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/f1db8f0edd267da90dd199b22dd460ae.tif da6840e7bd6f3917ce55cc9108acbbff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 21 Description An account of the resource wanting to block our way so that it would be of no advantage to be out of the water and so that we would be forced to do battle with them. They would go into the lake and from there wound our men and horses. Seeing this, the Governor ordered the horsemen to dismount and attack them on foot. The Purser got off with them and they attacked the Indians by turning and going after them in the lake. It was this way that we were able to secure the trail. In this skirmish some of our men were wounded in spite of their good armor, which was not enough to protect them. We had men who swore that on that day they had seen two oak trees, each as thick as a man's lower leg, pierced from one side to the other by Indian arrows. This is not so surprising in light of the strength and skill they have in shooting. I myself saw an arrow penetrate the base of a poplar tree one xeme deep. All the Indians we had seen in Florida to this point were archers, and since they are so tall and they are naked, from a distance they look like giants. They are quite handsome, very lean, very strong and light-footed. Their bows are as thick as an arm and eleven or twelve spans long. They shoot their arrows from a distance of two hundred paces with such accuracy that they never miss their target. After crossing this swamp, we came to another one a league further on. It was much worse because it extended for half a league. We crossed it freely and without any hindrance from the Indians, since they had used up all their arrows in the previous attack. The following day, while crossing a similar place, I found the trail of people going ahead of us, and I sent word of this to the Govemor, who was in the rearguard. And so, although the Indians attacked us, they could not inflict damage because we were prepared. When we came out to open ground, they continued pursuing us. We attacked them from two sides and killed two Indians. They wounded me and two other Christians, but we could inflict no further damage on them since they fled into the forest. We marched in this manner for eight days IIIF Item Metadata UUID 007ef450-ec28-406f-a070-2a4ecdd63b8e https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/fc12233edf272a3f6113efbe4ecb58ec.tif a40b6d7c81aba17599f65b3dea1d2cf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 20 Description An account of the resource captured and other Indians that we had brought with us (who were their neighbors and enemies) about the country, settlements, quality of people, food and all the other things we wished to know. Each one answered that the largest village in the entire land was Apalachee, and that further on there were fewer and poorer people; that the country was sparsely settled and the inhabitants scattered about; and that further ahead there were large lakes and dense forests as well as large areas that were empty and uninhabited. We then asked them what village and food would be found to the South. They said that a village called Aute would be found after a nine-day march towards the sea. They said that the Indians there, who were their friends, had a great deal of corn, beans and squash, and that they caught a lot of fish because they were so near the sea. We saw that the country was poor and heard the bad news about the population and all the other things the Indians told us about. The Indians continually waged war against us, wounding our men and horses at the watering places, attacking from the lakes and with such impunity that we could not harm them. From the lakes they shot arrows at us and killed a gentleman from Texcoco named Don Pedro, who accompanied the Commissary. Therefore we decided to leave to find the coast and the village of Aute described by the Indians, and we departed twenty-five days after our arrival. The first day we crossed those lakes and swamps without seeing any Indians, but on the second day we reached a lake that was very difficult to cross because the water was chest-high and there were many fallen trees in it. When we were in the middle of the lake, we were attacked by a large group of Indians who had been hiding behind the trees and by others who were on the fallen trunks. They shot arrows at us, wounding many men and horses and capturing our guide before we could get out of the lake. When we were out of the lake, they turned to pursue us, IIIF Item Metadata UUID 6a7e74d5-5a46-4106-8c1b-680b3f83023e https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/6cf013c8d09ca09dc0f843940ba4b534.tif 9703df6afa71dfc19ae63e8ddb4375f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 19 Description An account of the resource deep and partly because there are so many fallen trees in them. They have sandy bottoms, and the ones we found in Apalachee are much larger than any we had encountered on the way. There are many corn fields in this province, and the houses are as spread out through the countryside as those of the Gelves. The animals that we saw in those lands were three kinds of deer, rabbits and hares, bears and lions and other wild animals, among which we saw one which carries its young in a pouch on its belly. While they are small they carry them in that manner until they can get their own food. If they happen to be out of the pouch searching for food when people approach, the mother does not flee until she has gathered them all in her pouch. The country there is very cold and has good pastures for livestock. There are many kinds of birds: very many geese, ducks, large ducks, royal ducks, ibises, egrets and herons and quail. We saw many falcons, marsh hawks, sparrow hawks, goshawks and many other birds. Two hours after we arrived in Apalachee, the Indians that had fled from there returned peacefully to us, asking us for their women and children. And we returned them, except that the Governor held one of their chiefs, which angered them. The following day they came back ready for battle and attacked us so boldly and swiftly that they were able to set fire to the lodges we were in. But as we sallied they fled and took refuge in some lakes very close by. For this reason and because of the large corn fields there, we could do little harm to them, except for one that we killed. The following day Indians from a village on the other side came and attacked us just as the first group had done. They escaped in the same manner, and one of them died too. We stayed in this village twenty-five days, during which we went into the countryside three times. We found the country sparsely inhabited and hard to cross because of its difficult terrain, its forests and lakes. We asked the chief we had IIIF Item Metadata UUID d28efc94-ed6c-441b-8712-a10b743b649c https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/c429ebbf9dd81e4eed68785abacdca38.tif 2dd57255db0c8ae12488c2553a39bb57 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 18 Description An account of the resource When we were within sight of Apalachee, the Governor ordered me to enter the village with nine men on horseback and fifty foot soldiers, which the Inspector and I did. Once in it, we found only women and children, as all the men were out of the village at that time. Soon afterwards, while we were still in the village, they began to shoot arrows at us. They killed the Inspector's horse and finally fled. There we found a large quantity of com ready to be harvested and a lot of dried com in storage. We found many of their deerskins and a few small woven blankets of poor quality, which the women use to cover parts of their bodies. They had many vessels for grinding corn. In the village there were forty small, low dwellings in sheltered spots to protect them from the great storms that continually occur in that country. The buildings are made of straw and are surrounded by very dense forests, great groves of trees and many swamps, where there are obstructions caused by many very large fallen trees, so that one can go through there only with great difficulty and danger. CHAPTER SEVEN What the Land Is Like From the place where we landed to this village and land of Apalachee, the country is mostly flat, the soil sandy and firm. Throughout it there are many large trees and open woodlands in which there are walnut trees and laurels and others called sweet-gums, cedars, junipers, live oaks, pines, oaks and low-growing palmettos like those in Castile. Throughout it there are many large and small lakes, some of them very difficult to cross, partly because they are so IIIF Item Metadata UUID 35b3fb4a-8e55-41ce-9f4c-3a8e79c193e8 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/09055d8e6dc43dcf75392cd54d8ac0ee.tif 3e797355655226f61a7bec9c7f706a3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 17 Description An account of the resource wait, withdrawing instead and following us. The governor left some men on horseback to ambush them along their way. As the Indians went by, our men attacked them and captured three or four of them, which we took on as guides from that point forward. They took us through country that was very difficult to cross and marvelous to see, filled with large forests 12 and amazingly tall trees. So many of the trees were fallen that they hindered our progress, making us go around them with great difficulty. Of the trees that were still standing, many had been split from top to bottom by lightning that strikes often in that land, a place of many mighty storms and tempests. With these hardships we walked until the day following St. John's day, when we came within sight of Apalachee without being noticed by the Indians of that land. We thanked God heartily that we were so near, thinking that what the Indians had told us was true and that the hardships which we had suffered would come to an end. Our distress had been caused by the long and difficult march and by great hunger. Although we sometimes found corn, most of the time we traveled seven or eight leagues without finding any. And many of our men, besides being very tired and hungry, had sores on their backs from carrying their armor and suffered in other ways. But having arrived where we wanted, where they had told us there was so much gold and food, much of our affliction and weariness seemed to disappear. CHAPTER SIX How We Entered Apalachee IIIF Item Metadata UUID 4af77e65-5da4-42cc-ab29-322146639d00 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/89bf2539e642499c512d78afa41eb682.tif 0499ef911af566caf01fb3bd44738b61 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 16 Description An account of the resource our search for the province the Indians called Apalachee, taking as guides the Indians we had captured. We walked until the seventeenth of June without seeing any Indians bold enough to wait for us. Then a man appeared before us carrying on his back an Indian cloaked with a painted deerskin. Many people accompanied him and he was preceded by some playing cane flutes. He approached the Governor and spent an hour with him. By signs we told him we were going to Apalachee, to which he replied by signs that seemed to indicate that he was an enemy of the people of Apalachee and that he would go with us to help us against them. We gave him beads, little bells and other trinkets, and he gave the Governor the skin that he was wearing. Then he turned back and we followed his route. That night we came to a very wide, very deep and swift river, which we did not dare cross on rafts. We made a canoe and spent the better part of a day getting across. If the Indians had wanted to attack us, they could easily have kept us from crossing, for even with their help the crossing was difficult. A horseman named Juan Velázquez, native of Cuéllar, entered the river without waiting, and the swift current knocked him off his horse, but he held on to the reins, and both he and the horse drowned. The Indians of that chief, whose name was Dulchanchellin, found the horse and told us where we could find the man downstream. They went for him, and his death greatly saddened us because he was our first loss. The horse fed many men that night. Leaving there, we arrived at that Chief's village the following day and there he sent us some corn. That night someone shot an arrow at one of our men at the place where we got water, but by the grace of God he was not wounded. The following day we left that place, without having seen any Indians, since all of them had fled. Proceeding on our way, some Indians ready for battle appeared. We called out to them but they did not want to return nor IIIF Item Metadata UUID 9f75a3c1-8b0e-4d2d-b2a3-2f1f535f599f https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/2f894387fb8c4af3b8676142dabfa17a.tif 13b05cef3929a866fe1815501485d1f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Relación - page 15 Description An account of the resource Lord deeply for having come to our aid when we were in such great need, for besides being very tired we were weakened by hunger. On the third day after our arrival, the Purser, the Inspector, the Commissary and I joined in asking the Governor to send a party to search for the coast in the hope of finding a port, since the Indians had told us that we were not far from the sea. He replied that we should not even talk about such things because the coast was very far from there. Since I was the most insistent, he told me to go on foot with forty men to search for the coast and to look for a harbor. So the next day I left with Captain Alonso del Castillo and forty of his men. We walked until midday, when we arrived at sandbanks by the sea, which appeared to go far inland. We walked on them about a league and a half in knee-deep water, stepping on oysters that cut our feet severely and caused us a lot of hardship, until we arrived at the river we had already crossed, which ran into that same inlet. Since we could not cross it because we were so ill-equipped, we returned to camp and reported to the Governor what we had found. We told him we would have to cross the river again to explore the inlet and verify whether or not there was a harbor there. The next day he sent a captain named Valenzuela with sixty men on foot' and six on horses down to the sea to determine if there was a harbor. Valenzuela returned after two days of exploring the inlet, saying that it was a shallow, knee-deep bay without a harbor. He also said that he had seen five or six Indian canoes going from one side to the other, and that the Indians were wearing feather headdresses. Hearing this, we departed the next day to continue IIIF Item Metadata UUID b6f6a867-b8df-4457-968f-1d25b5e98201 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/c184fb7b82b63e746d4352419f894be2.tif 629695710d57bb451c3e1edca41b78cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1542 Title Page Image Description An account of the resource The 1542 edition title page is reproduced in The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca. Translated by Fanny Bandelier and edited with an introduction by Ad. F. Bandelier. Allerton Book Co, NY. MCMXXII (copyright 1904 by Williams-Barker Co.) IIIF Item Metadata UUID cb03a2d8-5194-4251-9abe-25f8fa242ebf https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/189ec510562b063f338e5e2f8d129533.jpg 1d7834b0eaa6d1440fc153606e8b2735 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/3a9baa01fce3944671ecfa70d0f48a8b.jpg 8c594db6dbada8e0481227bedf51aa58 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/1ab7da0b97319a97e15c86f361b24f63.jpg 4900b054cada62ff6642c3f283dad9ff https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/9b76c3f38a3d146c4bdecc0be0c4cdf5.jpg 444818b0086ef4b39530716c02309644 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1555 Edition: Photos of Our Copy Description An account of the resource The 1555 edition of Cabeza de Vaca's La relación y comentarios measures 5-3/8 inches across and 7-3/8 inches tall. The book contains 144 numbered leaves and was rebound with a leather cover sometime in the late 1700s or early 1800s. IIIF Item Metadata UUID ed6fec70-aa71-4a9d-b47e-ea953f82ce96 https://ulomeka2.ul.txstate.edu/cabeza/files/original/b359795909b9f851ffc14dc1669b26a9.tif 65f06fb6cf0d389cdffa0186fbf59a67 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1625 Edition Description An account of the resource In 1625 Englishman Samuel Purchas published an anthology of exploration literature titled Purchas: His Pilgrimage. Included in the pages was the first-ever English translation of Cabeza de Vaca's account: "A Relation of Alvaro Nunez Called Capo di Vaca, concerning that which happened to the fleet in india, whereof pamphilo narvaez was governor, from the yeere 1527. Until the yeere 1536." (Extract from Purchas' Pilgrimes, Volume IV, Book 8, Chapter 1, pp 1499-1528. London, 1625. Southwestern Writers Collection, Texas State University-San Marcos.) IIIF Item Metadata UUID e37963f2-362e-4f99-a207-0f2eee8b59bb